Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2010.06.004

	Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies
	Zhang, Guoqiang 1; Quoitin, Bruno 2; Zhou, Shi 3
	2011-04-15
发表期刊	COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN	0140-3664
卷号	34 期号:5 页码:649-657
摘要	In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 Internet topologies at the autonomous system (AS) level over a long period of time. We provide abundant empirical evidence that there is a phase transition in the growth trend of the two networks. For the IPv4 network, the phase change occurred in 2001. Before then the network's size grew exponentially, and thereafter it followed a linear growth. Changes are also observed around the same time for the maximum node degree, the average node degree and the average shortest path length. For the IPv6 network, the phase change occurred in late 2006. It is notable that the observed phase transitions in the two networks are different, for example the size of IPv6 network initially grew linearly and then shifted to an exponential growth. Our results show that following decades of rapid expansion up to the beginning of this century, the IPv4 network has now evolved into a mature, steady stage characterised by a relatively slow growth with a stable network structure: whereas the IPv6 network, after a slow startup process, has just taken off to a full speed growth. We also provide insight into the possible impact of IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnelling deployment scheme on the evolution of the IPv6 network. The Internet topology generators so far are based on an inexplicit assumption that the evolution of Internet follows non-changing dynamic mechanisms. This assumption, however, is invalidated by our results. Our work reveals insights into the Internet evolution and provides inputs to future AS-Level Internet models. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
关键词	Internet topology Autonomous systems (AS) Network evolution Phase change IPv4 and IPv6
DOI	10.1016/j.comcom.2010.06.004
收录类别	SCI
语种	英语
资助项目	National Natural Science Foundation of China[60673168] ; Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China[2008AA01Z203] ; Royal Academy of Engineering ; EPSRC (UK)[10216/70]
WOS研究方向	Computer Science ; Engineering ; Telecommunications
WOS类目	Computer Science, Information Systems ; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic ; Telecommunications
WOS记录号	WOS:000288298100006
出版者	ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
引用统计	被引频次：14[WOS] [WOS记录] [WOS相关记录]
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.204/handle/2XEOYT63/12933
专题	中国科学院计算技术研究所期刊论文_英文
通讯作者	Zhang, Guoqiang
作者单位	1.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Comp Technol, Beijing, Peoples R China 2.Univ Mons, Networking Lab, B-7000 Mons, Belgium 3.UCL, Dept Comp Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Zhang, Guoqiang,Quoitin, Bruno,Zhou, Shi. Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies[J]. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS,2011,34(5):649-657.
APA	Zhang, Guoqiang,Quoitin, Bruno,&Zhou, Shi.(2011).Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies.COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS,34(5),649-657.
MLA	Zhang, Guoqiang,et al."Phase changes in the evolution of the IPv4 and IPv6 AS-Level Internet topologies".COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 34.5(2011):649-657.