TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment

doi:10.1109/TPDS.2023.3263882

	TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment
	Jian, Zhaolong 1,2,3; Lu, Ye 1,4,5,6,7; Qiao, Youyang 1,3; Fang, Yaozheng 1,3; Xie, Xueshuo 1,4,8,9; Yang, Dayi 10; Zhou, Zhiyuan ; Li, Tao 1,4,6,9
	2023-06-01
发表期刊	IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
ISSN	1045-9219
卷号	34 期号:6 页码:1773-1788
摘要	TrustZone as a trusted execution environment (TEE) has been proven to preserve the confidentiality of blockchain transactions supported by smart contracts. Despite some academic effort, TrustZone can only support limited languages for now. The lack of the corresponding execution environment for smart contracts seriously hinders blockchain applications from directly running on TrustZone. In this paper, we design the first virtual execution environment named TSC-VEE for performing Solidity smart contracts on TrustZone, to the best of our knowledge. TSC-VEE can be decomposed into fourfold: (1) an instruction set adapted to the isolation and world switching mechanism of TrustZone. (2) a runtime memory management mechanism that provides a pair of instructions with the corresponding processing mechanism to allocate and release the work memory. (3) a hybrid granularity resource analysis algorithm which computes and records the value of maximum stack height and static gas cost through bytecode pre-execution, avoiding runtime overflow and invalid computations. (4) a cross-isolation-environment prefetching approach that supports loading and storing the storage data from the normal world into the secure world on TrustZone before execution, thus avoiding switching the world state frequently at runtime. Extensive experimental results show that TSC-VEE can perform smart contracts correctly and efficiently on TrustZone. Compared with the most commonly used Ethereum client-Geth, TSC-VEE achieves execution performance improvements by $9.29\times$9.29x. We also implement the Ethereum virtual machine-evmone on TrustZone. TSC-VEE can reduce the latency by 12.63% with our optimization techniques, and decrease the work memory footprint by 22.95% on average when executing various scale contracts.
关键词	Smart contracts Blockchains Memory management Switches Codes Public key Optimization Blockchain smart contract solidity program language TrustZone virtual execution environment
DOI	10.1109/TPDS.2023.3263882
收录类别	SCI
语种	英语
资助项目	CCF-AFSG Research Fund[CCF-AFSG RF20210031] ; CCF-Huawei Populus Grove Fund[CCF-HuaweiTC2022005] ; National Natural Science Foundation[62002175] ; Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology ; Chinese Academy of Sciences[CARCHB202016] ; Open Project Foundation of Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China[ISECCA-202102]
WOS研究方向	Computer Science ; Engineering
WOS类目	Computer Science, Theory & Methods ; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
WOS记录号	WOS:000992499400009
出版者	IEEE COMPUTER SOC
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.204/handle/2XEOYT63/21222
专题	中国科学院计算技术研究所期刊论文_英文
通讯作者	Lu, Ye
作者单位	1.Nankai Univ, Coll Comp Sci, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 2.Key Lab Blockchain & Cyberspace Governance Zhejia, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China 3.Tianjin Key Lab Network & Data Sci Technol, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 4.Nankai Univ, Coll Cyber Sci, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 5.Nankai Univ, Inst Syst & Networks, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 6.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Comp Technol, State Key Lab Comp Architecture, Beijing 100045, Peoples R China 7.Tianjin Key Lab Network & Data Sci Technol, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 8.Key Lab Blockchain & Cyberspace Governance Zhejia, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China 9.Tianjin Key Lab Network & Data Sci Technol, Tianjin 300350, Peoples R China 10.Ant Grp, Blockchain Platform Div, Beijing 100000, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Jian, Zhaolong,Lu, Ye,Qiao, Youyang,et al. TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS,2023,34(6):1773-1788.
APA	Jian, Zhaolong.,Lu, Ye.,Qiao, Youyang.,Fang, Yaozheng.,Xie, Xueshuo.,...&Li, Tao.(2023).TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS,34(6),1773-1788.
MLA	Jian, Zhaolong,et al."TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment".IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 34.6(2023):1773-1788.